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  <a href="#expressive-analytics-in-python-at-any-scale" class="md-nav__link">
    Expressive analytics in Python at any scale.
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    Installation
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    SQL Coverage
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  <a href="#anything-you-can-write-in-a-select-statement-you-can-write-in-ibis" class="md-nav__link">
    Anything you can write in a SELECT statement you can write in Ibis.
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    SQL
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    Ibis
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    SQL
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    Ibis
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    SQL
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    Ibis
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    Abstract Over SQL Dialects
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  <a href="#no-more-rewrites-when-scaling-up-or-down" class="md-nav__link">
    No more rewrites when scaling up or down.
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    Ecosystem
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    Ibis builds on top of and works with existing Python tools.
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    Example
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    Comparison to other tools
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    What's Next?
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        Introduction to Ibis
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        Aggregating and joining data
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        Lazy Mode and Logging
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        More Value Expressions
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        Creating and Inserting Data
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        Complex Filtering
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        Analytics Tools
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        Geospatial Analysis
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        Ibis for SQL Programmers
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        Configuring Ibis
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        Design
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        Self Joins
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        Top-K Filtering
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</span> Ibis<a class="headerlink" href="#imagesvgxml-ibis" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h1>
<h2 id="expressive-analytics-in-python-at-any-scale">Expressive analytics in Python at any scale.<a class="headerlink" href="#expressive-analytics-in-python-at-any-scale" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h2>
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<h2 id="installation">Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#installation" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="1:3"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_1_1" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_2" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_3" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_1_1">pip</label><label for="__tabbed_1_2">conda</label><label for="__tabbed_1_3">mamba</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>pip install ibis-framework
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>conda install -c conda-forge ibis-framework
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>mamba install -c conda-forge ibis-framework
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Try it out!</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="s1">&#39;import ibis; print(ibis.__version__)&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="features">Features<a class="headerlink" href="#features" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="sql-coverage">SQL Coverage<a class="headerlink" href="#sql-coverage" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h3>
<h4 id="anything-you-can-write-in-a-select-statement-you-can-write-in-ibis">Anything you can write in a <code>SELECT</code> statement you can write in Ibis.<a class="headerlink" href="#anything-you-can-write-in-a-select-statement-you-can-write-in-ibis" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h4>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="2:3"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_2_1" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_2" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_3" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_2_1">Group By</label><label for="__tabbed_2_2">Join</label><label for="__tabbed_2_3">Window Functions</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<h5 id="sql">SQL<a class="headerlink" href="#sql" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h5>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">GROUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"></span>
</code></pre></div>
<h5 id="ibis">Ibis<a class="headerlink" href="#ibis" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h5>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;f&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">aggregate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">())</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<h5 id="sql_1">SQL<a class="headerlink" href="#sql_1" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h5>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">LEFT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SEMI</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"></span>
</code></pre></div>
<h5 id="ibis_1">Ibis<a class="headerlink" href="#ibis_1" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h5>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">semi_join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;d&quot;</span><span class="p">)])</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<h5 id="sql_2">SQL<a class="headerlink" href="#sql_2" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h5>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">avg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OVER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PARTITION</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">z</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"></span>
</code></pre></div>
<h5 id="ibis_2">Ibis<a class="headerlink" href="#ibis_2" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h5>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;y&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">avg</span><span class="p">())</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Coming from SQL?</p>
<p>Check out <a href="/ibis-for-sql-programmers/">Ibis for SQL Programmers</a></p>
</div>
<h3 id="abstract-over-sql-dialects">Abstract Over SQL Dialects<a class="headerlink" href="#abstract-over-sql-dialects" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h3>
<h4 id="no-more-rewrites-when-scaling-up-or-down">No more rewrites when scaling up or down.<a class="headerlink" href="#no-more-rewrites-when-scaling-up-or-down" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h4>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="3:3"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_3_1" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_2" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_3" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_3_1">SQLite</label><label for="__tabbed_3_2">PostgreSQL</label><label for="__tabbed_3_3">BigQuery</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sqlite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;my_sqlite.db&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">postgres</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;me&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my_computer&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">9090</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bigquery</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">project_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my_project_id&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dataset_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my_dataset_id&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;t&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;y&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">avg</span><span class="p">())</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="ecosystem">Ecosystem<a class="headerlink" href="#ecosystem" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h3>
<h4 id="ibis-builds-on-top-of-and-works-with-existing-python-tools">Ibis builds on top of and works with existing Python tools.<a class="headerlink" href="#ibis-builds-on-top-of-and-works-with-existing-python-tools" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">semi_join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;d&quot;</span><span class="p">)])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># a pandas DataFrame!</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="example">Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Let's compute the number of citizens per squared kilometer in Asia:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">ibis</span>
<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sqlite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;geography.db&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">countries</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;countries&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">asian_countries</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">countries</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">countries</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">continent</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;AS&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">density_in_asia</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">asian_countries</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">asian_countries</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area_km2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">density_in_asia</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="mf">130.7019141926602</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Learn more!</p>
<p>Learn more about Ibis in <a href="/tutorial/01-Introduction-to-Ibis">our tutorial</a>.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="comparison-to-other-tools">Comparison to other tools<a class="headerlink" href="#comparison-to-other-tools" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="4:2"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_4_1" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_2" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_4_1">SQL</label><label for="__tabbed_4_2">SQLAlchemy</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Coming from SQL?</p>
<p>Check out <a href="/ibis-for-sql-programmers">Ibis for SQL Programmers</a>!</p>
</div>
<p>Ibis gives you the benefit of a programming language. You don't need to
sacrifice maintainability to get to those insights!</p>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="5:2"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_5_1" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_5_2" name="__tabbed_5" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_5_1">Ibis</label><label for="__tabbed_5_2">SQL</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><div class="highlight"><span class="filename">docs/example.py</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"> 1</span>
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<span class="normal">21</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">ibis</span>

<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sqlite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;crunchbase.db&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;companies&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;investments&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">expr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left_join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">company_permalink</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">investor_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">investor_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;NO INVESTOR&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">aggregate</span><span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="n">num_investments</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nunique</span><span class="p">(),</span>
        <span class="n">acq_ipos</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span>
            <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isin</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s2">&quot;ipo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;acquired&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
            <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ifelse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">NA</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nunique</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">acq_rate</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">acq_ipos</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">num_investments</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">desc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><div class="highlight"><span class="filename">docs/example.sql</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
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<span class="normal"> 5</span>
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<span class="w">  </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">acq_ipos</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num_investments</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">FLOAT</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">acq_rate</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">COALESCE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">investor_name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;NO INVESTOR&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">investor_name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">COUNT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">DISTINCT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">c</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num_investments</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">COUNT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">      </span><span class="k">DISTINCT</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="k">CASE</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">          </span><span class="k">WHEN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">c</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ipo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;acquired&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">THEN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">c</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">          </span><span class="k">ELSE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="k">END</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">acq_ipos</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">companies</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">c</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="k">LEFT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">investments</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">c</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">company_permalink</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="k">GROUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DESC</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
</code></pre></div>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p>Ibis aims to be more concise and composable than
<a href="https://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a> when writing interactive
analytics code.</p>
<div class="admonition success">
<p class="admonition-title">Ibis <img alt="❤" class="twemoji" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/latest/svg/2764.svg" title=":heart:" />'s SQLAlchemy</p>
<p>Ibis generates SQLAlchemy expressions for some of our backends
including the <a href="/backends/PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> and
<a href="/backends/SQLite">SQLite</a> backends!</p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="6:2"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_6_1" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_6_2" name="__tabbed_6" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_6_1">Ibis</label><label for="__tabbed_6_2">SQLAlchemy</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><div class="highlight"><span class="filename">docs/example.py</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
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<span class="normal">18</span>
<span class="normal">19</span>
<span class="normal">20</span>
<span class="normal">21</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">ibis</span>

<span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sqlite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;crunchbase.db&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;companies&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;investments&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">expr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left_join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">company_permalink</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">investor_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coalesce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">investor_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;NO INVESTOR&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">aggregate</span><span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="n">num_investments</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nunique</span><span class="p">(),</span>
        <span class="n">acq_ipos</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span>
            <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isin</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s2">&quot;ipo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;acquired&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
            <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ifelse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">NA</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nunique</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">acq_rate</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">acq_ipos</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">num_investments</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ibis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">desc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><div class="highlight"><span class="filename">docs/sqlalchemy_example.py</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
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<span class="normal">14</span>
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<span class="normal">17</span>
<span class="normal">18</span>
<span class="normal">19</span>
<span class="normal">20</span>
<span class="normal">21</span>
<span class="normal">22</span>
<span class="normal">23</span>
<span class="normal">24</span>
<span class="normal">25</span>
<span class="normal">26</span>
<span class="normal">27</span>
<span class="normal">28</span>
<span class="normal">29</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">sa</span>

<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;companies&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;investments&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="p">[</span>
            <span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">case</span><span class="p">(</span>
                <span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">investor_name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">&quot;NO INVESTOR&quot;</span><span class="p">)],</span>
                <span class="n">else_</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">investor_name</span><span class="p">,</span>
            <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;investor_name&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
            <span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distinct</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;num_investments&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
            <span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span>
                <span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">case</span><span class="p">(</span>
                    <span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">in_</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s2">&quot;ipo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;acquired&quot;</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span><span class="p">)]</span>
                <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distinct</span><span class="p">()</span>
            <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;acq_ipos&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
        <span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select_from</span><span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span>
            <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">onclause</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">company_permalink</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">isouter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span>
        <span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">desc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">expr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">([(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">acq_ipos</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">num_investments</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;acq_rate&quot;</span><span class="p">)])</span>
</code></pre></div>
</td></tr></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<p><a class="md-button md-button--primary" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/ibis-testing-data/crunchbase.db"><span class="twemoji"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M144 480C64.47 480 0 415.5 0 336c0-62.8 40.17-116.2 96.2-135.9-.13-2.7-.2-5.4-.2-8.1 0-88.4 71.6-160 160-160 59.3 0 111 32.25 138.7 80.2C409.9 101.1 428.3 96 448 96c53 0 96 42.1 96 96 0 12.2-2.3 23.8-6.4 34.6C596 238.4 640 290.1 640 352c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128H144zm159-87.9c9.4 10.2 24.6 10.2 33.1 0l80-80c10.2-8.5 10.2-23.7 0-33.1-8.5-9.3-23.7-9.3-33.1 0l-39 39.1V184c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24s-24 10.7-24 24v134.1L256.1 279c-8.5-9.3-23.7-9.3-33.1 0-9.3 9.4-9.3 24.6 0 33.1l80 80z"/></svg></span> Download the example data</a></p>
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<h2 id="whats-next">What's Next?<a class="headerlink" href="#whats-next" title="Anchor link to this section for reference">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">Need a specific backend?</p>
<p>Take a look at the <a href="/backends">backends</a> documentation!</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Interested in contributing?</p>
<p>Get started by <a href="/contribute/01_environment">setting up a development environment</a>!</p>
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